HOWTO Browsers

IGEL OS 12 has the following browsers. Other browsers are planned.

• KB: Chromium Browser
• Firefox Browser
• Island Browser
• KB: Microsoft Edge Browser
• Palo Alto Networks - Prisma Access Browser
• IGEL built in browser:

/usr/bin/igel-minibrowser --url https://tinyurl.com/igel-docs

Q: How to reload the page while bypassing the browser cache?

A: Run the following command in the browser tab: Ctrl + Shift + R. This keeps cookies, keeps login session, and reloads all page resources from the server

Q: How to set default browser in IGEL OS 12?

A: IGEL KB: How to Set the Default Browser in IGEL OS 12

Q: What are commands to see browsers on system and set default browser?

A: Here are some commands that can be used:

• List browsers on system:

get-browsers --list

• Options for get-browsers:

get-browsers --help

• Check current default browser:

xdg-settings get default-web-browser

• Set default (example: Firefox):

xdg-settings set default-web-browser firefox.desktop

• Open URL with the default browser

xdg-open https://tinyurl.com/igel-docs

Q: How to configure Edge Browser in Kiosk Mode

A: Apps -> Edge Browser > Sessions -> Settings -> Startup pages:

--kiosk "https://www.igel.com" --edge-kiosk-type=public-browsing--not-first-run

Q: How to configure Firefox to open Citrix ICA file?

A In the Firefox profile / global settings / custom setup, create a policy;

Policy Name: Handlers
Policy value: {"extensions":{"ica":{"action":"useSystemDefault","ask":false}}}

Q: How to configure Firefox to open Horizon

A In the Firefox profile / global settings / advanced / custom preferences.

• Mode: pref
• Custom preference: AutoLaunchProtocolsFromOrigins
• Type: String
• Value:

[{"allowed_origins":["https://****"],"protocol":"horizon-client"}] 

Q: How to disable sign-in option in Microsoft Edge?

A: Set the following in profile Edge Browser > Global Settings > Custom Setup > Custom Policies

"BrowserSignin": 0,                 // disable browser sign-in
"NonRemovableProfileEnabled": false // recommended alongside BrowserSignin

Q: How to disable offering to save password in Microsoft Edge?

A: Set the following in profile Edge Browser > Global Settings > Custom Setup > Custom Policies

"PasswordManagerEnabled": false // disable password manager

Q: How to disable checking for updates for Microsoft Edge?

A: Set the following in profile Edge Browser > Global Settings > Custom Setup > Custom Policies

"UpdateDefault": 0 // disable checking for updates to edge

Q: How to control audio / microphone for Microsoft Edge?

A: Set the following in profile Edge Browser > Global Settings > Custom Setup > Custom Policies

• For all sites:

"AudioCaptureAllowed": true // allow all sites

• Only for trusted sites:

"AudioCaptureAllowed": false, // do not allow
"AudioCaptureAllowedUrls": ["https://trusted-site.example"] // exceptions

Q: How to open URL in Edge in full screen?

A: Here is an example:

microsoft-edge-stable --start-maximized "https://www.igel.com"

---

OS 12: Running Progressive Web Apps (PWA)

• IGEL App Portal: Progressive Web App

• IGEL App Portal: Microsoft Teams Progressive Web App

• IGEL KB: Example: Microsoft Outlook as a Progressive Web App (PWA) on IGEL OS 12

• IGEL KB: Example: Google Maps as a Progressive Web App (PWA) on IGEL OS 12

PWA URLs

Name	Progressive Web App Url	Icon
Google Drive	https://drive.google.com/?lfhs=2
Google Mail	https://mail.google.com/mail/?usp=installed_webapp	LINK to icon
Google Maps	https://www.google.com/maps?force=tt&source=ttpwa
Microsoft 365 Copilot	https://m365.cloud.microsoft	LINK to icon
Microsoft Copilot	https://copilot.cloud.microsoft/?fromcode=cmc&ampredirectid=95DE602277C6464DA06ED6A3396BCAC8&ampauth=2	LINK to icon
Microsoft Excel	https://excel.cloud.microsoft	LINK to icon
Microsoft Outlook	https://outlook.cloud.microsoft	LINK to icon
Microsoft PowerPoint	https://powerpoint.cloud.microsoft	LINK to icon
Microsoft Teams	https://teams.cloud.microsoft	LINK to icon
Microsoft Word	https://word.cloud.microsoft	LINK to icon
Omnissa TestDrive	https://testdrive.vidmpreview.com/authcontrol/auth/request	LINK to icon
YouTube	https://www.youtube.com/?feature=ytca

NOTE: After running a PWA for the first time, reboot device and the icon for the app will be updated. If issue with icon, then download icon and add to profile setting Progressive Web App Icon (optional). Use UMS files to download icons and save into /wfs.

---

IGEL OS with Chromium – Guide

List of Chromium Command Line Switches

---

Other Browsers

Custom Partitions (CP) can be created for the following browsers:

• Google Chrome
• Microsoft Edge
• Island

IGEL Community GitHub CP Builders for Browsers

---

Island Enterprise Browser

• Automated Application Builder for Island Enterprise Browser

---

Citrix Enterprise Browser

• Take a Sneak Peak of Citrix Enterprise Browser and IGEL OS 12

---

---

Create Watcher Script to Automatically Run a Downloaded Program

• Automatically running a downloaded program from browser is blocked

• Create a watcher script to look for the program type to start

• Create a custom application for this script and set it to auto start / run (System > System Customization > Custom Application)

NOTE: This method can be used to start Bomgar remote support session from the browser

#!/bin/bash
#set -x
#trap read debug

#
# Watcher script that can be setup as custom application that is
# auto started to watch the DOWNLOAD_DIR folder for file to
# execute
#

DOWNLOAD_DIR="$HOME/Downloads"

ACTION="watcher-${DOWNLOAD_DIR}"
LOGGER="logger -it ${ACTION}"

inotifywait -m -e close_write "$DOWNLOAD_DIR" | while read dir action file; do
    echo "Detected: $file" | $LOGGER

    # Run .bin automatically
    if [[ "$file" == *.bin ]]; then
        echo "Running program: $file" | $LOGGER
        chmod +x "$dir/$file"
        "$dir/$file" &
    fi

done

---

Browser Automation with Selenium

• IGEL Community App Recipe for Selenium

• Create EdgeKiosk.java

cat << "EOF" > EdgeKiosk.java
import org.openqa.selenium.Dimension;
import org.openqa.selenium.Point;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.edge.EdgeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.edge.EdgeOptions;

import java.awt.GraphicsConfiguration;
import java.awt.GraphicsDevice;
import java.awt.GraphicsEnvironment;
import java.awt.Insets;
import java.awt.Rectangle;
import java.awt.Toolkit;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;

public class EdgeKiosk {

    // Total runtime.
    private static final int LOOP_SECONDS = 300;

    // Seconds between refreshes.
    private static final int REFRESH_INTERVAL_SECONDS = 10;

    // A separate Edge process and profile are created for every URL.
    private static final String[] URLS = {
            "https://www.igel.com",
            "https://www.hp.com",
            "https://www.lg.com",
            "https://www.lenovo.com",
            "https://getnerdio.com",
            "https://www.island.io"
    };

    /*
     * Chromium/Edge true --kiosk mode forces a full-screen window and therefore
     * conflicts with tiling several independent windows on one display.
     *
     * This program uses locked-down app mode instead. It removes the normal
     * browser toolbar, address bar, tabs, first-run UI, notifications, and most
     * keyboard/browser chrome while still allowing Selenium to position and
     * size every window.
     */

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<BrowserInstance> browsers = new ArrayList<>();
        Path profileRoot = null;

        try {
            Rectangle display = getPrimaryDisplayWorkArea();
            List<Rectangle> tiles = calculateTiles(display, URLS.length);

            profileRoot = Files.createTempDirectory("edge-kiosk-profiles-");

            System.out.printf(
                    "Display work area: %dx%d at (%d,%d)%n",
                    display.width,
                    display.height,
                    display.x,
                    display.y
            );

            for (int i = 0; i < URLS.length; i++) {
                String url = URLS[i];
                Rectangle tile = tiles.get(i);
                Path profile = profileRoot.resolve("edge-" + i);
                Files.createDirectories(profile);

                EdgeOptions options = createLockedDownOptions(url, profile, tile);
                WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver(options);

                driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(60));
                driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(5));

                // Apply the bounds again after startup because some window
                // managers adjust the initial --window-position/--window-size.
                driver.manage().window().setPosition(new Point(tile.x, tile.y));
                driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(tile.width, tile.height));

                // --app opens the URL during process startup. Navigate again so
                // Selenium waits for the initial document to finish loading.
                driver.get(url);

                browsers.add(new BrowserInstance(driver, url));

                System.out.printf(
                        "Opened %s at x=%d y=%d width=%d height=%d%n",
                        url,
                        tile.x,
                        tile.y,
                        tile.width,
                        tile.height
                );
            }

            refreshUntilFinished(browsers);

        } catch (Exception ex) {
            ex.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            closeBrowsers(browsers);

            if (profileRoot != null) {
                deleteDirectoryQuietly(profileRoot);
            }

            System.out.println("Finished.");
        }
    }

    private static EdgeOptions createLockedDownOptions(
            String url,
            Path profile,
            Rectangle tile
    ) {
        EdgeOptions options = new EdgeOptions();

        options.addArguments(
                "--app=" + url,
                "--user-data-dir=" + profile.toAbsolutePath(),
                "--window-position=" + tile.x + "," + tile.y,
                "--window-size=" + tile.width + "," + tile.height,
                "--no-first-run",
                "--no-default-browser-check",
                "--disable-session-crashed-bubble",
                "--disable-infobars",
                "--disable-notifications",
                "--disable-popup-blocking",
                "--disable-translate",
                "--disable-features=msEdgeSidebarV2,msEdgeShoppingAssistant,msEdgeCollections,EdgeFollow,ReadAnything",
                "--autoplay-policy=no-user-gesture-required"
        );

        // Optional for an additional private-session boundary:
        // options.addArguments("--inprivate");

        return options;
    }

    private static void refreshUntilFinished(List<BrowserInstance> browsers)
            throws InterruptedException {

        long endTime = System.nanoTime() + Duration.ofSeconds(LOOP_SECONDS).toNanos();
        int cycle = 1;

        while (System.nanoTime() < endTime) {
            System.out.println("Refresh cycle " + cycle);

            for (BrowserInstance browser : browsers) {
                System.out.println("Refreshing: " + browser.url);

                try {
                    browser.driver.navigate().refresh();
                } catch (Exception ex) {
                    System.out.println(
                            "Refresh failed for " + browser.url + ": " + ex.getMessage()
                    );
                }
            }

            cycle++;

            long remainingNanos = endTime - System.nanoTime();
            if (remainingNanos <= 0) {
                break;
            }

            long sleepMillis = Math.min(
                    Duration.ofSeconds(REFRESH_INTERVAL_SECONDS).toMillis(),
                    Duration.ofNanos(remainingNanos).toMillis()
            );

            if (sleepMillis > 0) {
                Thread.sleep(sleepMillis);
            }
        }
    }

    private static Rectangle getPrimaryDisplayWorkArea() {
        GraphicsEnvironment environment =
                GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment();
        GraphicsDevice device = environment.getDefaultScreenDevice();
        GraphicsConfiguration configuration = device.getDefaultConfiguration();

        Rectangle bounds = configuration.getBounds();
        Insets insets = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenInsets(configuration);

        return new Rectangle(
                bounds.x + insets.left,
                bounds.y + insets.top,
                bounds.width - insets.left - insets.right,
                bounds.height - insets.top - insets.bottom
        );
    }

    private static List<Rectangle> calculateTiles(Rectangle display, int count) {
        List<Rectangle> tiles = new ArrayList<>();

        if (count <= 0) {
            return tiles;
        }

        int columns = (int) Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(count));
        int rows = (int) Math.ceil((double) count / columns);

        int baseWidth = display.width / columns;
        int baseHeight = display.height / rows;

        for (int index = 0; index < count; index++) {
            int column = index % columns;
            int row = index / columns;

            int x = display.x + (column * baseWidth);
            int y = display.y + (row * baseHeight);

            // Let the last column/row consume any remainder pixels.
            int width = (column == columns - 1)
                    ? display.x + display.width - x
                    : baseWidth;
            int height = (row == rows - 1)
                    ? display.y + display.height - y
                    : baseHeight;

            tiles.add(new Rectangle(x, y, width, height));
        }

        return tiles;
    }

    private static void closeBrowsers(List<BrowserInstance> browsers) {
        for (BrowserInstance browser : browsers) {
            try {
                browser.driver.quit();
            } catch (Exception ex) {
                System.out.println(
                        "Unable to close Edge for " + browser.url + ": " + ex.getMessage()
                );
            }
        }
    }

    private static void deleteDirectoryQuietly(Path directory) {
        try (var paths = Files.walk(directory)) {
            paths.sorted(Comparator.reverseOrder())
                    .forEach(path -> {
                        try {
                            Files.deleteIfExists(path);
                        } catch (IOException ignored) {
                            // Temporary browser profiles are best-effort cleanup.
                        }
                    });
        } catch (IOException ignored) {
            // Temporary browser profiles are best-effort cleanup.
        }
    }

    private static final class BrowserInstance {
        private final WebDriver driver;
        private final String url;

        private BrowserInstance(WebDriver driver, String url) {
            this.driver = driver;
            this.url = url;
        }
    }
}
EOF

• Compile and run Edge Kiosk

cat << "EOF" > edge-kiosk.sh
#!/bin/bash
#set -x
#trap read debug

#
# set JAVA_HOME
#
pushd .
cd /services/azul_openjdk/zulu*
eval JAVA_HOME=$(pwd)
PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
popd

#
# compile EdgeKiosk.java
#

javac -cp ".:/services/selenium/*" EdgeKiosk.java

#
# run EdgeKiosk
#

java -cp ".:/services/selenium/*" EdgeKiosk
EOF
chmod a+x edge-kiosk.sh

---

Tiled Locked Down Browser Windows

• Create EdgeKiosk.java

cat <<'EOF' > EdgeKiosk.java
import java.awt.Dimension;
import java.awt.Toolkit;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URI;
import java.net.http.HttpClient;
import java.net.http.HttpRequest;
import java.net.http.HttpResponse;
import java.net.http.WebSocket;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletionStage;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

public class EdgeKiosk {

    /*
     * REFRESH:
     *   Refresh the existing Edge window through DevTools.
     *
     * RESTART:
     *   Kill all Edge processes using the window's profile and relaunch Edge.
     */
    private enum RefreshMode {
        REFRESH,
        RESTART
    }

    private static final RefreshMode REFRESH_MODE = RefreshMode.REFRESH;

    // Total runtime.
    private static final int LOOP_SECONDS = 300;

    // Refresh or restart interval.
    private static final int REFRESH_INTERVAL_SECONDS = 10;

    // Time allowed for Edge DevTools to become available.
    private static final int DEVTOOLS_START_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 15;

    // Starting TCP port for Edge DevTools.
    private static final int DEVTOOLS_BASE_PORT = 9222;

    private static final String[] URLS = {
            "https://www.igel.com",
            "https://www.island.io"
    };

    private static final HttpClient HTTP_CLIENT = HttpClient.newBuilder()
            .connectTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(5))
            .build();

    private static final Pattern WEBSOCKET_URL_PATTERN = Pattern.compile(
            "\"webSocketDebuggerUrl\"\\s*:\\s*\"([^\"]+)\""
    );

    private static class Browser {
        Process process;
        final String url;
        final String profileDirectory;
        final int devToolsPort;
        final int x;
        final int y;
        final int width;
        final int height;

        Browser(
                String url,
                String profileDirectory,
                int devToolsPort,
                int x,
                int y,
                int width,
                int height) {

            this.url = url;
            this.profileDirectory = profileDirectory;
            this.devToolsPort = devToolsPort;
            this.x = x;
            this.y = y;
            this.width = width;
            this.height = height;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        String edge = findEdge();

        if (edge == null) {
            System.err.println("Unable to locate Microsoft Edge.");
            System.err.println("Set EDGE_BINARY=/path/to/microsoft-edge");
            System.exit(1);
        }

        System.out.println("Edge binary: " + edge);
        System.out.println("Refresh mode: " + REFRESH_MODE);
        System.out.println("Runtime: " + LOOP_SECONDS + " seconds");
        System.out.println(
                "Refresh interval: " +
                REFRESH_INTERVAL_SECONDS +
                " seconds"
        );

        Dimension screen = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize();

        int count = URLS.length;
        int cols = (int) Math.ceil(Math.sqrt(count));
        int rows = (int) Math.ceil((double) count / cols);

        int tileWidth = screen.width / cols;
        int tileHeight = screen.height / rows;

        List<Browser> browsers = new ArrayList<>();

        Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(() -> {
            System.out.println();
            System.out.println("Stopping Edge kiosk windows...");

            for (Browser browser : browsers) {
                stopBrowser(browser);
            }
        }));

        try {
            /*
             * Remove Edge instances left behind by an earlier run of this
             * program before launching new windows.
             */
            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
                String profileDirectory = getProfileDirectory(i);
                killProcessesForProfile(profileDirectory);
            }

            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {

                int row = i / cols;
                int col = i % cols;

                Browser browser = new Browser(
                        URLS[i],
                        getProfileDirectory(i),
                        DEVTOOLS_BASE_PORT + i,
                        col * tileWidth,
                        row * tileHeight,
                        tileWidth,
                        tileHeight
                );

                browsers.add(browser);

                launch(edge, browser);

                if (REFRESH_MODE == RefreshMode.REFRESH) {
                    if (!waitForDevTools(browser)) {
                        System.err.println(
                                "Warning: DevTools did not start for " +
                                browser.url
                        );
                    }
                }

                Thread.sleep(1000);
            }

            long endTime =
                    System.currentTimeMillis() + LOOP_SECONDS * 1000L;

            while (System.currentTimeMillis() < endTime) {

                long remainingMilliseconds =
                        endTime - System.currentTimeMillis();

                long sleepMilliseconds = Math.min(
                        REFRESH_INTERVAL_SECONDS * 1000L,
                        remainingMilliseconds
                );

                if (sleepMilliseconds <= 0) {
                    break;
                }

                Thread.sleep(sleepMilliseconds);

                if (System.currentTimeMillis() >= endTime) {
                    break;
                }

                for (Browser browser : browsers) {
                    maintainBrowser(edge, browser);
                }
            }

        } finally {
            for (Browser browser : browsers) {
                stopBrowser(browser);
            }
        }
    }

    private static String getProfileDirectory(int index) {
        return "/tmp/edge-kiosk-profile-" + index;
    }

    private static void maintainBrowser(
            String edge,
            Browser browser) throws Exception {

        if (REFRESH_MODE == RefreshMode.RESTART) {
            restartBrowser(edge, browser);
            return;
        }

        /*
         * In REFRESH mode, first check whether the Edge DevTools endpoint is
         * still responding. If it is not responding, Edge probably crashed.
         */
        if (!isDevToolsAvailable(browser)) {
            System.err.println(
                    "Edge is not responding for " +
                    browser.url +
                    ". Relaunching it."
            );

            restartBrowser(edge, browser);
            return;
        }

        try {
            refreshBrowser(browser);

            System.out.println(
                    "Refreshed: " + browser.url
            );

        } catch (Exception exception) {
            System.err.println(
                    "Refresh failed for " +
                    browser.url +
                    ": " +
                    exception.getMessage()
            );

            System.err.println("Relaunching failed Edge window.");

            restartBrowser(edge, browser);
        }
    }

    private static void restartBrowser(
            String edge,
            Browser browser) throws Exception {

        System.out.println("Restarting: " + browser.url);

        stopBrowser(browser);

        /*
         * Give Edge time to release the user profile lock and DevTools port.
         */
        Thread.sleep(1000);

        launch(edge, browser);

        if (REFRESH_MODE == RefreshMode.REFRESH) {
            if (!waitForDevTools(browser)) {
                System.err.println(
                        "DevTools did not become available after restarting " +
                        browser.url
                );
            }
        }
    }

    private static void launch(
            String edge,
            Browser browser) throws IOException {

        List<String> command = new ArrayList<>();

        command.add(edge);

        // App mode removes the normal address bar and browser controls.
        command.add("--app=" + browser.url);

        // Each window gets a dedicated Edge profile.
        command.add("--user-data-dir=" + browser.profileDirectory);

        /*
         * DevTools is used to refresh the existing page without restarting
         * Edge. Each Edge instance needs its own TCP port.
         */
        command.add(
                "--remote-debugging-port=" + browser.devToolsPort
        );
        command.add("--remote-debugging-address=127.0.0.1");
        command.add("--remote-allow-origins=*");

        command.add("--no-first-run");
        command.add("--no-default-browser-check");
        command.add("--disable-session-crashed-bubble");
        command.add("--disable-features=Translate");
        command.add("--disable-sync");
        command.add("--overscroll-history-navigation=0");

        command.add(
                "--window-position=" +
                browser.x +
                "," +
                browser.y
        );

        command.add(
                "--window-size=" +
                browser.width +
                "," +
                browser.height
        );

        ProcessBuilder processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(command);
        processBuilder.inheritIO();

        browser.process = processBuilder.start();

        System.out.println(
                "Launched: " +
                browser.url +
                " at " +
                browser.x +
                "," +
                browser.y +
                " size " +
                browser.width +
                "x" +
                browser.height
        );
    }

    private static boolean waitForDevTools(Browser browser) {

        long deadline = System.currentTimeMillis()
                + DEVTOOLS_START_TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 1000L;

        while (System.currentTimeMillis() < deadline) {

            if (isDevToolsAvailable(browser)) {
                return true;
            }

            try {
                Thread.sleep(250);
            } catch (InterruptedException exception) {
                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
                return false;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    private static boolean isDevToolsAvailable(Browser browser) {

        try {
            HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder()
                    .uri(URI.create(
                            "http://127.0.0.1:" +
                            browser.devToolsPort +
                            "/json/list"
                    ))
                    .timeout(Duration.ofSeconds(2))
                    .GET()
                    .build();

            HttpResponse<String> response = HTTP_CLIENT.send(
                    request,
                    HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()
            );

            return response.statusCode() == 200
                    && response.body().contains(
                            "webSocketDebuggerUrl"
                    );

        } catch (Exception exception) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    private static void refreshBrowser(Browser browser)
            throws Exception {

        String webSocketUrl = getPageWebSocketUrl(browser);

        if (webSocketUrl == null) {
            throw new IOException(
                    "No page WebSocket endpoint was returned by Edge"
            );
        }

        WebSocket.Listener listener = new WebSocket.Listener() {
            @Override
            public void onOpen(WebSocket webSocket) {
                webSocket.request(1);
            }

            @Override
            public CompletionStage<?> onText(
                    WebSocket webSocket,
                    CharSequence data,
                    boolean last) {

                webSocket.request(1);
                return null;
            }

            @Override
            public void onError(
                    WebSocket webSocket,
                    Throwable error) {

                System.err.println(
                        "DevTools WebSocket error: " +
                        error.getMessage()
                );
            }
        };

        WebSocket webSocket = HTTP_CLIENT.newWebSocketBuilder()
                .connectTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(5))
                .buildAsync(
                        URI.create(webSocketUrl),
                        listener
                )
                .get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

        /*
         * Page.reload refreshes the current app-mode page.
         * ignoreCache=true forces the page to retrieve current content.
         */
        String command =
                "{\"id\":1,\"method\":\"Page.reload\"," +
                "\"params\":{\"ignoreCache\":true}}";

        webSocket.sendText(command, true)
                .get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

        webSocket.sendClose(
                WebSocket.NORMAL_CLOSURE,
                "Refresh complete"
        ).get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    }

    private static String getPageWebSocketUrl(Browser browser)
            throws Exception {

        HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder()
                .uri(URI.create(
                        "http://127.0.0.1:" +
                        browser.devToolsPort +
                        "/json/list"
                ))
                .timeout(Duration.ofSeconds(5))
                .GET()
                .build();

        HttpResponse<String> response = HTTP_CLIENT.send(
                request,
                HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString()
        );

        if (response.statusCode() != 200) {
            throw new IOException(
                    "DevTools returned HTTP " +
                    response.statusCode()
            );
        }

        Matcher matcher =
                WEBSOCKET_URL_PATTERN.matcher(response.body());

        if (matcher.find()) {
            return matcher.group(1);
        }

        return null;
    }

    private static void stopBrowser(Browser browser) {

        /*
         * First terminate the Process object and any children Java can still
         * see. Edge sometimes moves renderer processes outside the original
         * process tree, so the profile-based pkill below is also required.
         */
        if (browser.process != null) {

            try {
                browser.process.descendants().forEach(process -> {
                    try {
                        process.destroy();
                    } catch (Exception ignored) {
                    }
                });

                browser.process.destroy();

                if (!browser.process.waitFor(
                        3,
                        TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {

                    browser.process.descendants().forEach(process -> {
                        try {
                            process.destroyForcibly();
                        } catch (Exception ignored) {
                        }
                    });

                    browser.process.destroyForcibly();
                }

            } catch (Exception exception) {
                System.err.println(
                        "Unable to stop Java Edge process: " +
                        exception.getMessage()
                );
            }
        }

        /*
         * Kill any remaining Edge processes associated with this particular
         * profile. This prevents old app windows from accumulating.
         */
        killProcessesForProfile(browser.profileDirectory);

        browser.process = null;
    }

    private static void killProcessesForProfile(
            String profileDirectory) {

        String processPattern =
                "--user-data-dir=" + profileDirectory;

        try {
            Process terminate = new ProcessBuilder(
                    "pkill",
                    "-TERM",
                    "-f",
                    processPattern
            ).start();

            terminate.waitFor(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

            Thread.sleep(500);

            Process forceKill = new ProcessBuilder(
                    "pkill",
                    "-KILL",
                    "-f",
                    processPattern
            ).start();

            forceKill.waitFor(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

        } catch (IOException exception) {
            System.err.println(
                    "Warning: pkill is unavailable. " +
                    "Some detached Edge processes may remain."
            );

        } catch (InterruptedException exception) {
            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
        }
    }

    private static String findEdge() {

        String environmentBinary =
                System.getenv("EDGE_BINARY");

        if (environmentBinary != null
                && !environmentBinary.isBlank()) {

            File file = new File(environmentBinary);

            if (file.exists() && file.canExecute()) {
                return environmentBinary;
            }

            System.err.println(
                    "EDGE_BINARY does not exist or is not executable: " +
                    environmentBinary
            );
        }

        String[] candidates = {
                "/usr/bin/microsoft-edge-stable",
                "/usr/bin/microsoft-edge",
                "/usr/bin/msedge",
                "/snap/bin/microsoft-edge"
        };

        for (String candidate : candidates) {
            File file = new File(candidate);

            if (file.exists() && file.canExecute()) {
                return candidate;
            }
        }

        return null;
    }
}
EOF

• Create edge-kiosk.sh

cat << "EOF" > edge-kiosk.sh
#!/bin/bash
#set -x
#trap read debug

#
# set JAVA_HOME
#
pushd .
cd /services/azul_openjdk/zulu*
eval JAVA_HOME=$(pwd)
PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
popd

#
# compile EdgeKiosk.java
#

javac EdgeKiosk.java

#
# run EdgeKiosk
#

export EDGE_BINARY=/services/edge/usr/bin/microsoft-edge-stable

java EdgeKiosk
EOF
chmod a+x edge-kiosk.sh